It was the Vietnam syndrome for the USSR as a superpower: impossible to run away from that country. Afghanistan is a traditionally an Islamic nation. Afghanistan has a history of conquest. It became a focal-point for Cold War conflict. Afghanistan was strategically important for oil. US aided Islamic fundamentalist.

AFGHAN CRISIS:
In 1978 a communist government emerges. The Afghan government of Taraki looked to the Soviet Union for support. Moscow sent hundred of advisors, military trainers, and military supplies to Afghanistan in 1978 – 1979. Afghanistan was an agricultural country and the government advocated land reform allowing peasants to achieve egalitarian objectives. Women were encouraged to stop wearing veils and began schooling. The rural communities opposed these changes and the Mullahs felt that the communists were trying to destroy Islamic tradition. God must decide who is rich or poor according to the Mullahs. Mullahs attempted to burn schools. The Kabul Taraki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki) government was trying to build socialism for 5 years, the regime was vastly ignorant. There was a holy war declared against the godless communist government of Afghanistan. Russia might move south to seize oil in Iran as was feared by Jimmy Carter. The Shahs fall in Iran meant the US had few allies in the region. The US gave covert aid in July 1979 to the Mujahadeen.

The invasion by the USSR into Afghanistan was an affront against US foreign policy interests. The Afghanistan government was replaced by Amin however, he realized that the USSR wanted him out. The Russians were concerned that Amin would ask for US assistance and support US invasion. Russian sent troops in after Americans had deployed cruise missiles to threaten the USSR’s military superiority in the region. The Politburo in the USSR a) feared Islamic fundamentalism in Afghanistan, b) if the USSR did not enter Afghanistan some one else would, c) there was instability between the USSR/Afghanistan border. KGB special-forces killed Amin in his palace.

Karmal was the president of Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was seen as a threat to world order because it was the first invasion outside of the Warsaw Pact. Jimmy Carter issued a threat that if the USSR invaded Pakistan or Iran he would respond with Nuclear War. The soviet invasion was widely condemned at the UN. The 1980 Moscow Olympics were boycotted. The US supported the Mujahadeen in a clandestine manner: God was on their side. The idea was to allow for the bleeding of the USSR in Afghanistan. US bought Soviet arms from Czechloslovakia (corrupt), Egypt, and China. Pakistan wanted a strongly Islamic neighbour even with nuclear weapons interests and drugs as long as the Afghan resistance was supported.

Underlying causes of the Partition of Pakistan & India:
a) British departure: The cost of India was too high for Britain. The removal of a colonial power which frequently served to consolidate interethnic tensions led to the resurgence of such conflict between the colonized communities.
b) Conflict between communities had persisted for centuries (possibly longer) but the competing political movements opened the flood-gates. During uncertain times human beings tends to rally around what is most psychological comforting. For example, their relatives, their religious denominations, their perceived Nation. These groups tend to turn to their signposts and pit themselves against the Other which threatens their resources, community, and lives: (See Henry E. Hale, The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of states and nations in Eurasia and the World)
c) Institutional Advantage for Nation-State Creation: The preexisting institutional structure of India provided the transitional infrastructure for an independent India. The somewhat federated structured of Indian dynasties allowed for the transition to quickly produce a clear delineation between Muslim and Sihk and Hindi Indians. (Phillip G. Roeder, Where Nation-States come from: Institutional Changes in the age of nationalism).
d) Mobilization by politicians through the available divisions in society. Politicians divide for their own sake: power through using the signposts available to them. In regions where there is no clear majority, mobilization along ethnic lines is not tenable. Where there is a majority, lack of economic opportunity, and insecurity, politically motivtedviolence is produced. Such violence may be culturally enforced as well. In the Muslim league, there was a fear of zamindar system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindari) being abolished which would weaken the power of the zamindar families, for example. Partition was justified because it was better to abandon a united Indian in order to avoid policy standardization from a socialist central government in New Delhi.

Nehru supported a united India but accepted partition because there was inequality between Muslim and Hindu peoples. Jinnah of the Muslim League was completely unwilling to move on the issue of India’s partition. His support for a new Muslim state as Pakistan was based on the issue of democratic representation of a Muslim minority. One year after the partition he died. Had he died earlier partition may have been avoided but this is speculative and another political leader might well have advanced Jinnah’s goals in his place. The Partition is another dubious sign of cultural groups with deeply divergent philosophies of being able to co-exist under a unified state.

In 1947, 12.5 million people were forced to undertake mass migration in British India. As poorly coordinated population exchange, one million people were killed with many stranded in communities as refugees during the Partition. Cycil Radcliffe was responsible for organizing the new border between the sovereign states of Pakistan and India. He almost certainly indirectly led to the cleansing of areas. There was a movement to drive the minority out in order to secure the majority’s territory. The rational to kill those of another cultural group are clear: a) expanding the power of ones group, b) securing ones culture against compromise with another. The depopulation of entire regions with the goal of creating a homogenous community leads to violence and self-destructive for the acting community members.